Tiesa ir išsigalvojimas
1988 metais Notingemo miesto taryba paviešino ataskaitą apie žymiausią miesto pilietį. Kadangi daugybę metų taryba gaudavo tūkstančius paraiškų gauti informacijos apie Robiną Hudą ir jo šauniąją šutvę, taryba nusprendė padaryti atitinkamą pareiškimą šiuo klausimu.
Nežiūrint į tai, kad padavimai apie Robiną Hudą turi didžiulę istoriją, tarybos nariai išdrįso suabejoti legendos autentiškumu. Kruopštus Notingemo žilos senovės tyrinėjimas leido padaryti išvadą, kad narsusis herojus, plėšęs turtinguosius, kad galėtų padėti skurdiesiems, netgi nebuvo pažįstamas su moteriške Merian, kurią pasak legendos jis mylėjo. Vienuolis Tukas, tyrinėtojų nuomone, yra išvis išgalvotas veikėjas. Mažylis Džonas buvo piktas bambeklis, neturintis nieko bendro su nerūpestingu folkloro personažu. Tokią traktuotę leidžia padaryti tyrimų rezultatai.
Nuvainikavę legendą tarybos nariai vylėsi šitaip užsitarnauti atradėjų šlovę. Bet jie buvo viso labo paskutiniai ilgoje eilėje skeptikų, kadangi, tiriant Robino Hudo istoriją, beveik neįmanoma atskirti faktų nuo prasimanymų. Ir iki tarybos narių daug kas mėgino ištyrinėti šią kvapą gniaužiančią istoriją, tačiau Robino Hudo paveikslas nuo to nė kiek neišblėso.
Tad kurgi tiesa, o kur prasimanymai apie apie žmogų, kurio žygdarbiai iki šiol jaudina skaitytojus ir TV žiūrovus? Jie linkę tikėti tuo, ką atskleidė rimti tyrinėtojai: Robinas plėšė pakeleivius Didžiąjame Šiaurės kelyje netoli Barnsdeilo Pietų Jorkšyre ir marodieriavo su savo banditų gauja Šervudo miške, už 30 mylių nuo Notingemo. Kitus labiau traukia romantiškoji legendos versija apie tai, kad šis gražuolis didvyris išties plėšė, bet ne vien turtinguosius, kad paskui atiduotų grobį vargšams.
Istoriniai faktai
Pirmieji duomenys apie tai, kad Robinas šeimininkavo Anglijos giriose ir tyruose mus pasiekia iš 1261 metų. Tačiau rašytiniuose šaltiniuose apie jį pirmąsyk užsiminta tik po šimtmečio. Tai padarė škotų istorikas Fordunas, miręs 1386 metais.
Kitas pranešimas apie Robiną Hudą kronikose pasirodė šešioliktame amžiuje. Kaip liudija metraštininkas Džonas Stou, tai buvo plėšikas, siautėjęs Ričardo I-ojo valdymo laikais. Jis vadovavo maždaug šimto narsių atstumtųjų gaujai. Visi jie gerai valdė ginklus. Nors jie vertėsi plėšimais, visgi Robinas Hudas “neleisdavo smurtauti prieš moteris”. Jis nelietė skurdžių, išdalindamas jiems viską, ką atimdavo iš šventikų ir kilmingų turčių”.
Pažvelgsime į šią istoriją iš pačių geranoriškiausių pozicijų. Pradėsime nuo to, kad Robino Hudo egzistavimo faktas yra užfiksuotas dokumentiškai. Jis gyveno Veikfilde, Jorkšyre, 13-14 amžiuose. Dokumentuose rašoma, kad žymusis plėšikas gimė 1290 metais ir vadinosi Robinu Hudu. Senuose rejestruose pateikiami trys pavardės rašymo variantai: Hodas, Houdas ir Hudas. Užtat niekas neginčija Robino kilmės: jis buvo grafo Voreno baudžiauninkas.
Kaipgi valstiečio sūnus tapo plėšiku?
1322metais Robinas perėjo tarnauti naujam šeimininkui, serui Tomui, Lankasterio grafui. Kai grafas ėmė vadovauti maištui prieš karalių Edvardą II, Robinui, kaip ir kitiems grafo tarnams, neliko nieko kito, kaip paklusti šeimininkui ir griebtis ginklo. Tačiau sukilimas buvo numalšintas, Lankasterį sučiupo ir nukirto jam galvą už išdavystę. Jo valdas konfiskavo karalius, o grafo žmones, dalyvavusius maište, paskelbė už įstatymo ribų.
Robinas rado idealią slėptuvę gūdžiame Šervudo miške, Jorkšyro teritorijoje. Miškas užėmė 25 kvadratinių mylių plotą, per Šervudo ir Barnsdeilo miško masyvus ėjo dar romėnų nutiestas Didysis Šiaurės kelias, kuriuo vyko gyvas judėjimas. Tai ir viliojo atskalūnus-plėšikus. Šitaip ir gimė legenda apie Robiną Hudą, žaliai kaip miškas apsirengusį žmogų.
Naujos istorijos
Legenda apie Robiną mirga daugybe juokingų istorijų apie jo drąsius žygius ir išdaigas. Vienoje jų pasakojama apie tai, kaip kvailas Hertsfordo vyskupas pakeliui į Jorką susitiko Robiną su jo žmonėmis, kurie kepė elnieną, sumedžiotą karališkuose medžioklės miškuose.
Palaikęs Robino bendrus paprastais valstiečiais, vyskupas paliepė sučiupti tuos, kurie nušovė elnią. Plėšikai nesutrikę atsisakė: elnio jau nebeatgaivinsi, o visi siaubingai alkani. Tada pagal vyskupo ženklą sėdinčiuosius prie laužo apsupo jo tarnai. Plėšikai, pasijuokę, ėmė maldauti pasigailėjimo, tačiau vyskupas buvo nepalenkiamas. Robinui galiausiai įkyrėjo priekabės. Jis davė signalą ir iš miško atskubėjo likusieji gaujos nariai. Apstulbusį vyskupą paėmė į nelaisvę ir pareikalavo išpirkos.
Norėdamas kaip reikiant pamokyti savo nerūpestingą įkaitą, Robinas privertė jį šokti džigą aplink didžiulį ąžuolą. Iki šių laikų tą vietą miške žmonės vadina “vyskupo ąžuolu”.
Taip pat pasakojama, kad kartą Robinas, lydimas Mažojo Džono padarė vizitą Vitbio vienuolynan. Abatas paprašė jų pademonstruoti savo išgirtąjį šaudymo iš lanko meistriškumą. Šauti reikėjo nuo vienuolyno stogo. Robinas ir mažylis su džiaugsmu patenkino jo prašymą. Savo šlovės jie nesumenkino.
Perduodamas iš lūpų į lūpas, liaudies atmintyje išliko vienas mėgstamiausių pasakojimų apie tai, kaip Robinas susitiko su Eduardu II. Legenda pasakoja: karalius, sunerimęs dėl to, kad elnių skaičius tirpsta tiesiog akyse, juos naikinant plėšikaujančiai liaudžiai, nusprendė kartą ir visiems laikams išvalyti savo mišką nuo brakonierių. Karalius ir jo riteriai persirengė vienuoliais ir iškeliavo į Šervudo girią, žinodami, kad Robinas hudas su savo gauja tyko ten nerūpestingų keleivių. Ir jie neapsiriko. Plėšikai juos sustabdė ir pareikalavo pinigų. Persirengęs karalius pareiškė, kad turi tik 40 svarų. Robinas paėmė 20 savo žmonėms, o likusius sugrąžino. Tada Edvardas pasakė vadeivai, kad jis iškviečiamas į Notingemą susitikti su karaliumi. Robinas ir jo žmonės krito ant kelių ir prisiekė meilę ir ištikimybę Edvardui, paskui pakvietė “vienuolius” pavakarieniauti su jais – paragauti karališkos elnienos! Galiausiai Edvardas suprato, kad Robinas paprasčiausiai šaiposi iš jo. Tada jis atsiskleidė plėšikams ir atleido jiems, su sąlyga, kad visi jie atvyks pasitarnauti dvarui, kai tik jis pašauks.
Ši istorija, aišku, atrodo kaip išsigalvota, sukurta Robino Hudo gerbėjų fantazijos, bet anaiptol ne viskas čia iš piršto laužta. Šis epizodas aprašytas “Mažąjame Robino Hudo žygdarbyje”, publikuotame 1459 metais. Dar yra žinoma, kad karalius buvojo Notingeme 1332 metais. Taip pat mes žinome, kad po kelių mėnesių nuo to įvykio Robino Hudo vardas buvo paminėtas pranešimuose apie Edvardo dvarą. Tačiau neilgai trukus Robinas dingo iš karališkojo dvaro,kad vėl apsireikštų miške ir liaudies kūryboje.
Pratęsime pasakojimą apie drąsius Robino Hudo žygius. Jis pasirodė šv. Marijos bažnyčioje Notingeme, kur vienas vienuolis atpažino plėšiką ir pranešė šerifui. Robiną sučiupo tik tada, kai jis vienas savo kalaviju nukovė 12 kareivių. Net būdamas įkalintas, bebaimis vadas neabejojo, kad ištikimi draugai nepaliks jo likimo valiai. Prieš teismą mažylis Džonas organizavo įžūlų užpuolimą ir sugrąžino plėšikams jų vadą. Kad teisingumas triumfuotų, plėšikai susekė ir užmušė Robiną išdavusi vienuolį.
Miško brolija
Negalima kalbėti apie Robiną Hudą, nepaminint jo linksmos šutvės ir legendinės draugužės Merian.
Artimiausias Robino sėbras buvo Mažylis Džonas, kuris, kaip manoma, buvo visai ne linksmuolis, o niūrus ir labai pažeidžiamas vaikinas. Greičiausiai Mažyliu jį praminė juokais, kadangi jis buvo gana aukšto ūgio. Tai išaiškėjo, kai 1784 metais atkasė jo kapą Heizerseidže ir aptiko labai aukšto žmogaus kaulus.
Kai dėl brolio Tuko, nuomonės apie jį išsiskiria. Vieni mano, kad šis legendinis personažas apjungia savyje dviejų storų vienuolių bruožus, kiti teigia, kad iš tiesų būta tokio gyvenimą mylinčio žmogaus, mėgstančio pasilinksminti ir pašokti miško brolių kompanijoje. Galbūt tai buvo Robertas Stafordas, šventikas iš Sasekso (XV amžiaus pradžia), kuris kartais prisidengęs brolio Tuko pseudonimu dalyvavo linksmosios gaujos žygiuose.
Merijan, kaip personažas, irgi gerai įsipaišo į teoriją, pagal kurią Robino vaizdinys atsirado liaudies kūryboje apie tradicines gegužės šventes. Merijan galėjo paprasčiausia mergina, kurią išrinko už jos grožį “gegužės karaliene”.
Paveikslo prieštaringumas
Legendiniai Robino Hudo nuotykiai žymiąjame miškė baigėsi, kaip manoma, 1346 metais. Manoma, kad jis mirė Kerkleso vienuolyne po sunkios ligos. Vienuolė gydė Robiną gausiais kraujo nuleidimais, dėl ko, nusilpęs ir nukraujavęs, jis taip ir negalėjo pasitaisyti.
Toks yra romantiškas Robino Hudo paveikslas – drąsuolis ir geradarys. Tačiau anglosaksai turi keistą polinkį apjuodinti savo dievaičius, ir Robinas čia bene labiausiai nukentėjo.
Parodos “Padavimai apie Robiną Hudą” Notingeme direktorius Grehemas Blekas mano: “Mes labai priartėjome prie tikrosios Robino asmenybės pažinimo”. Bleko manymu, tikroji Robino istorija prasidėjo 1261 metais, kai Berkšyre buvo paskelbtas už įstatymo ribų Viljamas, Roberto Smito sūnus. Teismo tarnautojas, rašęs įsaką, pavadino jį Viljamu Robinhudu.
Surasti ir kiti teismo dokumentai, minintys žmones, pavarde Robinhudas, kurių dauguma yra nusikaltėliai. Todėl tyrinėtojai mano, kad jeigu Robinas Hudas išties egzistavo, tai jis, greičiausiai, veikė iki to laikotarpio.
Pata tinkamiausias kandidatas šiam abejotinam vaidmeniui, Grehemo Bleko manymu, tinka Robertas Godas, Jorko arkivyskupystės gyventojas, kuris paspruko nuo teisėsaugos 1225 metais. Dviem metais vėliau jis minimas dokumentuose kaip Hobhodas.
Iš kur gi kilusi romantiškoji legendos versija? Priimta laikyti Robiną Ričardo I-ojo, pravarde Liūtaširdis, amžininku, o šis karalius valdė nuo 1189 iki 1199 metų. Jis buvo priskirtas tai epochai Valterio Skoto, jo romane “Aivenhas”. Yra versijų, kad Robinas buvo bajoras, tačiau tai – aiškus prasimanymas dramaturgo, kuris 1597 metais norėjo privilioti aukštuomenę į savo teatrą. Iki to laiko Robinas buvo laikomas lordo vasalu.
Robino Hudo – didžiojo lankininko šlovė kildinama iš barzdočių pasakotojų, perdavinėjusių iš lūpų į lūpas balades apie žymųjį plėšiką, kurios buvo užrašytos antrojoje XV amžiaus pusėje.
Kai dėl Merijen, tai manoma, jog tai buvo gražuolė, kurią globojo klastingasis princas Džonas. Ji pirmąsyk susitiko su Robinu, kai pakliuvo į jo sėbrų surengtą pasalą. Bet su šia versija nesutinka mokslininkai, kurie tvirtina, kad Merijen pasirodė prancūziškoje XIII amžiaus poemoje kaip piemenaitė su savo piemeniu Robinu. Tik po 200 metų nuo šios poemos pasirodymo ji galutinai įsiliejo į legendą apie Robiną Hudą. O skaisčios merginos reputaciją Merijen užsitarnavo jau gerokai vėliau, veikiant puritoniškai Viktorijos epochos moralei.
pasak legendos, brolis Tukas buvo linksmas apsirijėlis, kuris smagino plėšikus juokingais nuotykiais ir pokštais. Vienuolis buvo nepranokstamas kaunantis lazdomis. Realiame gyvenime, pasirodo, irgi egzistavo brolis Tukas. Šiuo vardu pasivadino Lindfildo parapijos Sasekse šventikas, kuris iš tiesų buvo žmogžudys ir plėšikas, kai 1417 metais išėjo karališkasis įsakas dėl jo arešto, dėl ko šventikui teko sprukti ir slapstytis.
Džeimsas Holtas, viduramžių istorijos profesorius iš Kembridžo ir knygos apie Robiną Hudą autorius rašo: “Rašytinė medžiaga liudija, kad brolis Tukas organizavo savo banditų gaują už 200 mylių nuo Šervudo miško, be to, praėjus šimtmečiui po Robino Hudo. Iš tiesų vienuolis Tukas anaiptol nepasižymėjo linksmumu, kadangi plėšė ir degino savo priešų namus”. Mažylis Džonas, dešinioji Robino ranka, buvo žiaurus žmogžudys. Būtent jis kartą nužudė vienuolį, įtartą Robino išdavimu, o paskui nukirto galvą jaunam vienuolio tarnui, nusikaltimo liudininkui. Tačiau Mažylis atliko ir nemažai drąsių žygių. Vienas jų – jau minėtas Robino išgelbėjimas ir gerai įtvirtinto kalėjimo, kurį saugojo garsiojo Notingemo šerifo kareiviai.
Apie patį Robiną profesorius Holtas rašo: “Jis buvo visiškai ne toks, kokį jį visi laiko. Jis nešiojo panašų į vienuolišką gobtuvą. Visiškai nėra liudijimų, kad jis plėšė turtinguosius, kad atiduotų pinigus skurdžiams. Šiais prasimanymais legenda apaugo po 200 metų nuo jo mirties. O gyvas jis buvo pašėlęs marodierius.” Ir visgi, sekdami žilos senovės legenda, mes linkę matyti Robin Hude nuskriaustųjų gynėją, narsų ir linksmą atamaną, vėl ir vėl nušluostantį nosį valdžios atstovams. Ir mums norisi tikėti, kad baigdamas gyvenimą, kupiną įvairiausių žygdarbių, mūsų herojus, būdamas ant mirties slenksčio, iš visų jėgų pūtė ragą, tarsi siųsdamas apie save žinią į ateitį, ir šio signalo atgarsius mes iki šiol tebegirdime širdimi.
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